Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Preparation and field evaluation of live attenuated sheep pox vaccine for protection of calves against lumpy skin disease
1
7
EN
Heba
A.
Khafagy
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of
Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
Mohamed
A.
Saad
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of
Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
moustafa.ali.saad@gmail.com
Mohamed
G.
Abdelwahab
department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha, Egypt
Abdelmoneim
M.
Mustafa
department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31252
In this research Romanian Sheep pox virus was identified and confirmed by using PCR, Live attenuated Romanian Sheep<br />pox vaccine (RSPV) was prepared and its titer on VERO cell was log 10<sup>2.5</sup>TCID<sub>50</sub>/dose. It was sterile, safe and potent.<br />We used eight susceptible calves 6-8 months old, five calves vaccinated with 0.5 ml of prepared RSP vaccine intra<br />dermally (I/D) in tail folds while three calves kept as control. Evaluation of both acquired humoral and cellular immunity<br />by using lymphocyte proliferation assay, SNT, ELISA and Interferon Gamma Bioassay (IFN-ᵧ). The result showed that<br />lymphocyte proliferation began to increase till reach to its peak (1.629) at 10th day then decrease after that, While<br />Interferon gamma (IFN-ᵧ) detected in 1<sup>st</sup> day till 7<sup>th</sup> day post vaccination then decreases after that. Results of SNT and<br />ELISA revealed that Protective serum neutralizing antibody titer started at three weeks (1.5), (1.09) post vaccination then<br />reach to its peak at 12<sup>th</sup> weeks (2.5), (1.85) respectively and persisted till 28 weeks. From this study we found that live<br />attenuated RSP vaccine a good immunogenic response where it was induced a high level of antibody titer with prolonged<br />duration of immunity and higher lymphocyte and interferon gamma levels, So It considered good vaccine to control<br />Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD)
PCR,VERO,RSPV,SNT,ELISA,IFN-ᵧ,LSD
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31252.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31252_f0964d2c87c11a9ea313617b2243601c.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Study the effect of different adjuvants on inactivated Equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine
8
15
EN
Dalia
N.
Hegazy
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
Safaa
A.
Warda
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
Amel
S. M.
Abu Senna
Faculty of Science, AL-Azher university (Girls Branch)
Sidkey
N.
Nagwa
Faculty of Science, AL-Azher university (Girls Branch)
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31253
Equine herpesvirus-1 is a highly prevalent and frequently pathogenic infection of equines. The most serious clinical signs<br />of disease ranging in severity, from mild respiratory distress to abortion in pregnant mares, neonatal foal death and<br />neuropathogenic disorders. Inactivated EHV-1 adjuvanted vaccines consider the best way for controlling infectious<br />disease. In this research, the prepared EHV-1 adjuvanted vaccines was completely inactivated by binary ethyleneimine<br />(BEI) with (0.008M) and proved to be, sterile, pure, safe and potent when inoculated on VERO cells, mice and horses.<br />Challenge was applied only in inoculated mice to detect the role of all prepared vaccines in the reduction of virus clearance<br />and excretion. There was no any undesirable post vaccinal reaction in horses vaccinated with the prepared vaccine<br />reconistitued in saponin, DEAE-Dextran (100mg/dose) and adjuvanted with Montanide<sup>MT</sup>Gel-01. The immunogenicity<br />of vaccinated mares adjuvented with different three types of vaccine was assayed by different serological tests revealed<br />that maximum antibodies titre was achieved at 3-4 months’ post vaccination and EHV-1 inactivated vaccine reconstituted<br />in DEAE-Dextran (100 mg/dose) is the best one of them followed by the vaccine reconstituted in saponin and vaccine<br />adjuvanted with Montanide<sup>MT</sup>Gel-01
Equine herpesvirus,inactivated vaccine,saponin,Montanide
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31253.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31253_66d8fdec4a089d28fa3fc6205d9c70b3.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Chemical and mycological evaluation of sweetened condensed and evaporated milks in Menofia governorate
16
20
EN
Dina
I.
EL Zahaby
Animal Health Research Institute, Shibin EL Koom branch, Department of Food Hygiene
Nermeen
H.
Ghazaly
Animal Health Research Institute, Shibin EL Koom branch, Department of Mycology
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31254
Fifty random samples of imported concentrated milk (25 each of sweetened condensed and evaporated milk)<br />were collected from different supermarkets in Menofia Governorate for chemical and mycological<br />examination. The mean values of total solids, fat, protein, sucrose contents and sugar/water ratio in the<br />examined sweetened condensed milk samples were 29±0.31, 8.5±1.3, 7.9±1.1, 43±0.32 and 61.91±0.35,<br />respectively. While, the mean values of total solids, fat and protein contents in examined evaporated milk<br />samples were25.7±1.1, 8.5±0.23 and 7.1±1.0, respectively. Mold and yeast were detected in both sweetened<br />condensed and evaporated milk. Aspergillus and Pencillium genera were frequently isolated than other genera<br />of fungi. Aspergillus spp. were isolated with percentage of (32%) and (44%) from sweetened condensed and<br />evaporated milk respectively. A. flavus was the most dominant spp.in the examined samples with percentage<br />of (87.5%)and (27.5%) from sweetened and evaporated milk respectively. From yeast isolated the genus<br />Saccharomyces was the most dominant in the contaminated sweetened condensed milk samples (40%),<br />followed by Rhodotorula (12%), then genus Candida (8%).While from evaporated milk the isolated yeast were<br />Rhodotorula, Candida, and Saccharomyces with percentage (12%), (8%)and (4%), respectively
condensed milk,evaporated milk,mold,yeast
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31254.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31254_dc160cf50bc6a4351caa059ec17ff7a0.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Influence of sodium butyrate on salmonella infection in broiler chicks
21
32
EN
Soad
Belih
Clinical pathology Departments, Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta
Seham
EL-Hadad
Histopathology Departments, Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta
Ghada
Amen
Nutrition Departments, Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta
Maha
R.
Basiony
Bacteriology Departments, Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31255
One hundred and ten 1-day-old broiler chickens were obtained from commercial breeder farm and kept under strict hygienic measures and were proved to be salmonella free. The birds were divided into 5 equal groups. The first group was kept as negative control. The second group was infected with (1×10<sup>8</sup>) Salmonella entertidis intra crop at 8<sup>th</sup> day of age. The third group was given Sodium butyrate 0.98 mg/mL orally in drinking water from the first day till the end of experiment at 40<sup>th</sup> day of age. The fourth group was treated with Sodium butyrate from the 1st day as in the 3<sup>rd</sup> group and infected with Salmonella enteritidis at 8<sup>th</sup> day of age. The fifth group was infected with inoculum containing (1×10<sup>8</sup>) Salmonella entertidis intra crop at 8<sup>th</sup> days of age and treated Sodium butyrate 0.98 mg/mL in drinking water for 5 successive days after appearance of signs. Blood and serum samples were collected from each group at 14, 21 and 28 days of age for estimation of macrophages phagocytosis, malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), total protein, albumin, globulin and Nitric Oxide (NO). Live body weight and feed intake were recorded for each repetition on<br />days 7, 14, 28 and 35. Reisolation of inoculated organism from the muscle, liver, and two ceci of experimentally infected chicks was carried out and confirmed by PCR. Tissue specimens from intestine were collected for histopathological examination. The results showed significant increase in total protein and globulin level in groups 2, 3 and 4. MDA showed significant decrease in group 2 and 4 in the first week, on the other hand MDA showed significant decrease in group 2 and 5 in the second week, but decrease in group 2 only in the third week. SOD showed significant decrease in group 2 in the first week, but in the second week, there were decrease in groups 2, 4 and 5. While SOD showed significant increase in groups 3, 4 and 5 in the third week. NO showed significant increase in groups 2 and 3 in the first week but in the second week there was significant increase in NO level in groups 2, 3 and 4 but in the third week the results revealed significant increase in groups 3 and 4 only. Macrophage showed significant decrease in groups 2 and 5. Phagocytic activity showed significant decrease in group 2 and significant increase in group 3. Body weight showed significant<br />increase in group 3 during the second and the third week of experiment, but in the fourth and fifth week there was significant decrease in group 2 and increase in group 3. Histopathological examination revealed that Group 3 (sodium butyrate) showed high absorptive surface from tall and thick intestinal villi and hyper activation of intestinal crypts and proliferation of villous enterocytes. The results indicated that sodium butyrate can be used as antioxidant so improve the growth performance in chickens under stress and this may be attributed to enhancing the immune response and reduce tissue damage. It was concluded that sodium butyrate can be used in control and prevention of salmonella infection in chickens
Sodium butyrate,Salmonella,antioxidants,phagocytosis,chickens
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31255.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31255_2bdada860419048d7c43f606cdc740ae.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Molecular assay using PCR based technology to identify fraud and adulteration of some meat products
33
39
EN
Eman
El-Shazly
Animal Health Research Institute, Food Hygiene Department, Tanta lab
Noha
M.
El-Shinawy
Animal Health Research Institute, Food Hygiene Department, Dokki
Khaled
Shawky
Tolba
Animal Health Research Institute, Food Hygiene Department, Dokki
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31257
Meat species specification is a vital field to ensure the food safety to the consumers which corresponds to the laws related<br />to meat and meat products. The adulteration of inferior quality meat into superior quality one is a common practice all<br />over the world. In this study, 30 beef product samples including minced beef, luncheon and sausage (10 samples each)<br />were collected from different markets in Cairo and Giza Governorate, transferred to the laboratory for detection of<br />adulteration of beef with pig, equine and dog meat using Simple and reliable multiplex-polymerase chain reaction<br />(multiplex-PCR) for the partial-length of cytochrome b (cyt b) gene of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which indicated the<br />successful detection of little as 0.05 ng % adulteration of meat products. Multiplex PCR can also be applied to detect<br />authentication with equal efficiency to fresh, cooked or putrefied mixed meat samples. The obtained results revealed that<br />one examined sample (10%) of minced beef was intermixed with equine meat only, while two samples (20%) of beef<br />sausage were adulterated with addition of equine meat only. Moreover, the examined luncheon samples were free from<br />adulteration with either pork or equine meat. All examined samples were found to be free from adulteration with dog<br />meat. The bad effects of fraud and adulteration of meat products was discussed
Multiplex PCR,authenticity,Adulteration,beef,equine,pork and dog meat,mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31257.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31257_4f3586fe32e5e966d13f993296ff08f4.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Detection of Shiga toxin produced by Escherichia coli in poultry and meat in Luxor city using multiplex PCR
40
44
EN
Jehan
R.
Daoud
Faculty of Vet Medicine, South Valley Uni.
Karmi
Mohamed
Faculty of Vet Medicine, Aswan Uni.
Soad
A.
Nasef
Reference Lab. For Vet. Quality control on poultry production
Reham
Y.
Ahmed
Reference Lab. For Vet. Quality control on poultry production
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31258
Shiga toxins were widely spread in the meat especially in minced meat. These toxins have an important significance to<br />human health because it is a major cause of food poisoning. About 150 meat samples purchased from a number of<br />supermarkets and butcher shops in Luxor city were examined for presence of E. coli (50 raw meat samples - 50 minced<br />meat samples - 50 sample of chicken meat). 62 samples were positive for E.coli spp. 26 isolates were confirmed<br />serologically using O &H specific antisera as E.coli. Incidence of E. coli was in chicken meat 6/50 (12%) and raw meat<br />11/50 (22%) and minced meat 9/50 (18%). 26 E. coli isolates tested serology using special antisera (O & H) recognize<br />that there are 12 genetic groups They are O26: H11, O114: H21, O119: H4, O2: H6, O125: H21 in chicken meat. O111:<br />H2, O55: H7, O125: H21, O128: H2, O26: H11, O124 in raw meat. In minced meat O128: H2, O119: H4, O44: H18,<br />O26: H11, O111: H2, O78, O55: H7. E.coli O111,O26 and O119 the most prevalent serotype. Polymerase chain reaction<br />was used to detect virulence genes in isolated strains stx1, stx2, eaeA
E. coli,stx1,stx2,eaeA
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31258.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31258_4ee89a918a8da2a5614b3949f2268c4a.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Improvement the Shelf Life of Tilapia Fillets Stored at Chilling Condition
45
55
EN
Thabet
M.
Gerges
Animal Health Research Institute (Benha Branch-Food Control Department)
Amany
Selim
Animal Health Research Institute
(Benha Branch Microbiology Department)
Mai
Osman
Animal Health Research Institute (Benha Branch-Biochemistry
Department)
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31260
The main purpose of this investigation was to study the effect of immersing fillets of Nile Tilapia (Orechromis niloticus)<br />in 1% acetic acid and storage under standard conditions (80% CO<sub>2</sub>: 20% N<sub>2</sub>) at a temperature of 2°C on their shelf life.<br />Fillets samples were divided into four groups, Group 1 (G1): the fillets immersed in sterilized distilled water for 2 minutes<br />and packaged in Polyamide/ Polyethylene (PA/PE) bags. Group 2 (G2): the fillets immersed in sterilized distilled water<br />and stored under standard conditions. Group 3 (G3): the fillets immersed in 1% acetic acid for 2 minutes and packaged in<br />PA/PE bags. Group 4 (G4): the fillets immersed in 1% acetic acid and stored under standard conditions. All samples<br />were stored at a temperature of 2°C for 21 days and analyzed at the beginning of the experiment and after 7, 14 and 21<br />days of storage. Results of the study showed that the organoleptic properties of tilapia fillets dropped by the extension of<br />the cold storage time to 21 days. The average values of Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in the G1, G2,<br />G3 and G4 are 9.23, 2.56, 8.07 and 0.98 at day 21 of the cold storage at a temperature of 2 °C, respectively. Tilapia fillets<br />kept under CO2-enriched atmosphere had lower total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) than those stored in air where the<br />average values were 19.9, 15.93, 18.97, 15.93 mg/100g in G1, G2, G3 and G4, respectively at the end of the storage<br />period. The results also showed that the total viable count (TVC) remained at permitted in G4 as the average number was<br />6.14 ± 0.05 × 10<sup>3</sup> after 21 days of storage at a temperature of 2 °C, while in G1, G2 and G3 were 7.53 ± 0.06 × 10<sup>6</sup>, 7.63<br />± 0.11 × 10<sup>5</sup> and 5.30 ± 0.09 × 10<sup>6</sup> respectively. Thus, the results indicated that the tilapia fillet immersion in 1% acetic<br />acid and storage under standard conditions that have been applied in our study contributed to the extension of the validity<br />period for tilapia fillet for a longer period of cold storage of up to 21 days
Nile tilapia,fillets immersion,validity period,tbars
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31260.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31260_1230e45e4a62aae1cc8e50687a16009b.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Physiological, hematological and biochemical alterations in heat stressed goats
56
62
EN
Noura
El- Shahat
Attia
Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31261
Heat stress is one of the main factors which adversely affecting the animal welfare and thus the economic benefits of the<br />farms. Goat husbandry in Egypt tends to breed throughout the year. However, a high ambient temperature is the major<br />restriction on the animal productivity. This effect is provoked when heat stress is accompanied by high ambient humidity.<br />This study was aimed to study the effect of heat stress on the physiological, some hematological and biochemical<br />parameters. Twenty-five goats were exposed to the daytime (30 days) after an initial 7 day shading period, while another<br />10 goats were exposed to the shading regimen throughout the entire 30 days as a control group. Heat stressed goats<br />showed the decrease of the feed intake, body weight and growth rate. Physiologically, the rectal temperature, respiration<br />and heart rates were observed to be significantly higher. Moreover, the red blood cells count (RBCs), hemoglobin<br />concentration (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) were significantly increased, whereas an insignificant change in white<br />blood cells count (WBCs). Also, the serum total proteins, albumin, glucose, urea and creatinine levels were significantly<br />decreased. On the other hand, cortisol level were significantly increased in heat stressed goats. Our results indicated that<br />heat stress produced a significant alteration in the physiological, some hematological and biochemical parameters
heat stress,goats,physiological,hematological,Biochemical analysis
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31261.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31261_08a8b193a78920fd83c6eb0dabee79dd.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Evaluation of bacterial and chemical quality of new manufactured pasted fish products in a large scale fish processing plant, Egypt
63
72
EN
Dalia
Fathy
Khater
Food Hygiene Dept., Animal Health Research Institute, Tanta branch
Samia
El-Safy
Farag
Food Science and Technology Department, Fac. Of Home, Economic, El-Azhaer University, Tanta, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31263
This study was conducted to evaluate chemical, bacterial and sensory characteristics of some novel fish paste<br />products. Thirty samples of Salmon, Herring and Anchovy pastes were collected from different markets in<br />Gharbia, Egypt. Proximate composition of fish pastes for crude protein, total lipids, moisture, ash, and salt<br />percentages revealed high protein (42.66 to 57.55%) content. The changes in pH, TMA, TVB-N and TBA<br />remained under the limit for edibility. The total aerobic and staphylococcal counts were within the range of<br />specified microbiological limits for fish and fishery products; however, TAC values in some of Salmon and<br />Anchovy paste samples were 6.62 and 7.72 log cfu/g respectively, and do not meet the microbial specification.<br />Total anaerobic and halophilic counts were in range of >3 - >5 log cfu/g. The Enterobacteriaceae and coliform<br />counts were at the range of <2 - >3 log cfu/g. The total Bacillus count for Salmon paste (4.38 log cfu/gm) was<br />higher than those of Herring (3.31 log cfu/g) and Anchovy (2.26 log cfu/g) paste samples. Furthermore, B.<br />cereus, which is a major food borne pathogen, was isolated from 30% of Herring paste samples; while other<br />investigated pathogens such as C. perfrengns, E. coli, Salmonellae, Shigellae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and<br />S.aureus were not detected. According to sensory analyses, fish paste samples had very good and good scores<br />in terms of taste, flavor, color, texture and overall acceptability. However, the sensorial scores of Herring paste<br />color decreased to average quality. The study concluded that fish pastes have acceptable chemical and sensory<br />quality. However, they may consider high-risk for microbial hazards, so, special attention should be taken from<br />competent authorities and food business operators
Salmon,Herring,anchovy,fish paste
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31263.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31263_997fc9fbf0ef92dab6e68bcee08eb757.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Molecular Studies on the prophylactic effect of probiotics on Salmonella typhimurium infected chicks
73
82
EN
Abdelhafez
SM
Veterinary Hospital, Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig University
Abdelwahab
A.
M.O.
Microbiology Dep., Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig University
Ammar
A.
A.
Microbiology Dep., Fac. Vet. Med. Zagazig University
Azza
Salah
Eldemerdash
Animal Health Research Institute
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31264
The ability of probiotics to protect chicks against S.typhimurium was evaluated. Challenge experiment was designed using<br />120 one day old chicks divided into 4 groups. The challenging S. typhimurium was counted in liver and cecum samples<br />and the results shows that counts of the probiotics pre-treated group were significantly reduced when compared to those<br />of positive control group. The phagocytic percent of chicks of positive control group were 38.40%, 26% and 18% while<br />that of pre-treated group were 54.20%, 38.10% and 36.40% in 7, 14 and 21 days old respectively. Phagocytic indexes<br />(PI) of positive control group were 1.0±0.10, 1.0±0.20 and 1.0±0.0 while those of pre-treated group were 1.50±0.20,<br />1.10±0.08 and 1.10±0.04in 7, 14, and 21 days old respectively. S. typhimurium from ceacal digesta were used for<br />extraction of total RNA to assess the expression of 4 virulence genes (hilA, hilC, hilD and sipC) using Real Time PCR.<br />The obtained data revealed that CT means of hilA, hilC, hilD and sipC of control group and pre-treated group were as<br />follow 20.31 and 17.68, 17.43 and 16.85, 17.03 and 16.72 and 18.78 and 17.98 respectively. It was concluded that<br />probiotics has an impact on S. typhimurium and caused an imbalanced virulence gene expression.
probiotics,S. typhimurium,chicks
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31264.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31264_6b2b031633ed3745233eb968a296b318.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Concurrent use of ciprofloxacin and metronidazole for controlling of some bacterial infections in broiler chickens
83
92
EN
Sayed
A.
Abdel Ziz
Pharmacology Dept., Faculty of Vet. Med. Zagazig University
Sabry
M.A.
Abdel Motaal
Pharmacology Dept., Faculty of Vet. Med. Zagazig University
Osama
E.
Abd-Allah
Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch
Marwa
M.I.
Sarhan
Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31274
This study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of ciprofloxacin (8 mg/kg b.wt.) and/or metronidazole (30 mg/kg.<br />b.wt.) in drinking water for 5 successive days for treatment of E. coli and/or Cl. perfringens each alone or both. Blood<br />and tissue samples were collected from 5 birds from each group on the 5<sup>th</sup>, 12<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> days post-infection and treatment.<br />This was done through studying the effect on growth Performance (body weight, weight gain, feed consumption and feed<br />conversion rate), lesion score, mortality rate, some liver and kidney function parameters and some blood picture<br />parameters. Infection with E. coli and/or Cl. perfringens induced the characteristic symptoms and lesions of the disease<br />infection with E. coli induced mortality rate up to 20% which is reduced to 5% post- treatment with ciprofloxacin whereas,<br />Cl. perfringens infection induced mortality up to 35% which is reduced to 12% post-treatment with metronidazole. Mixed<br />infection with E. coli and Cl. perfringens induced 75% mortality which is reduced to 20% post-treatment with both drugs.<br />Infection with E. coli and/or Cl. perfringens each alone or mixed together afforded a significant decrease in body weight,<br />weight gain, feed consumption and increased feed conversion compared with normal control group. Whereas, treatment<br />of infected birds with both drugs elicited a significant increase in body weight, feed consumption and significant decrease<br />in feed conversion rate compared with infected non-treated groups. On blood picture infection with E. coli and Cl.<br />perfringens or their mixed infection induced a significant decrease in total RBCs count, Hb % and PCV% whereas,<br />treatment of infected birds with each drug alone or their combination induced a significant increase in the previous<br />parameters along the course of the study compared with infected non-treated groups. Serum Aspartate aminotransferase<br />(AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), uric acid and creatinine were significantly elevated<br />in response to infection with each microbe alone or their combination compared with normal control group. Treatment of<br />infected birds with each drug alone or their combination elicited a significant decrease in the previous parameters along<br />entire period of the study compared with the infected non-treated groups. Taken together, our data could be framed within<br />the view of the revealing high efficacy of metronidazole and ciprofloxacin toward infection with clostridium and /or E.<br />coli in poultry
ciprofloxacin,Metronidazole,broiler,Clostridium,E. coli
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31274.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31274_ea4fe5f9490df8e93aa3769552cf7c3d.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Biochemical study of DNA markers for Bacterial infection in bovine mastitis
93
100
EN
Afaf
D.
Abdel-maged
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Wael
A.
El Sheita
Biochemistry department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Mohamed
G.
Abdelwahab
Animal medicine department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31275
Mastitis is a multifactorial disease and very difficult to control. It results from injury, chemical irritation and infection<br />caused by different bacterial species. Mastitis remains one of the most common economic problems of dairy industry<br />worldwide as it is the most expensive disease of dairy animals resulting in the reduction of milk production and quality.<br />These expenses in terms of reduction of production, discarding milk, drug therapy, veterinarian charges, culling of<br />incurable animals and extrause of labor. Analysis of bacteriological examination of milk samples was made to identify<br />the main etiological agents involved in the disease. The organisms were identified on the basis of their cultural, staining<br />characteristics, biochemical reactions .and molecular detection. Milk sample of 23 cows, which were positive for<br />California mastitis test, cultured for microbiological examination in the study period. Two bacterial species were isolated,<br />Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) and E. coli bacterial isolates. The predominant isolated bacteria were Staph. aureus<br />with isolation rate of 37.77% however E. coli was isolated with isolation rate of 13.33%). Serum alkaline phosphatase<br />(ALP) enzyme and calcium levels were highly significant decreased while C-Reactive protein (CRP) titre and phosphorus<br />levels were highly significant increased. Lactate dehydrogenase enzyme(LDH), Aspartate aminotransferase<br />enzyme(AST), Gamma-glutamyl transferase enzyme(GGT), Albumin, sodium, potassium and chloride levels were nonsignificantly<br />changed in serum of mastitic cows compared to healthy ones. While LDH, ALP and phosphorus levels were<br />highly significant increase in milk of mastitic cows compared to that of healthy ones. However, the calcium level was<br />high significantly decreased in mastitic cows compared to healthy ones. Molecular detection of Staph. aureus and E. coli<br />isolates by PCR. The expected sizes of PCR products of Staph. aureus was (984bp), while that for E. coli were (662bp).
Bovine Mastitis,bacteriological examination,LDH,ALP enzymes,PCR
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31275.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31275_1f20da02261cacafa541d3b6f24362ae.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Efficacy of IgY immunoglobulin prepared in chicken egg yolk for the protection of chicken against necrotic enteritis
101
105
EN
Noura
M.
Khalf
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo
Hala
El-Sawy
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo
Hanna
T.N
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo
El- Meneisy
A.
A.
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo
Khodeir
M.
H.
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31276
This study was designed to provide a rapid highly protective passive immunization of chickens against necrotic enteritis<br />(NE). This aim was established by preparation of NE alpha toxin IgY in chicken egg yolk, such preparation was found to<br />have specific anti NE alpha toxin titer 40 I.U by SNT and 0.237 optical density (OD) by ELISA. It was found that oral<br />administration of 40, 20, 10 and 5 IU/ml of IgY / poult after experimental infection with Clostridium perfringens type<br />A, resulted in protective rates of 96%, 88%, 80% and 60% respectively. Chickens' sera of passively immunized birds<br />showed antibody titers of 1, 2 and 1.5 I U in the first, second and third days’ post immunization respectively. It was<br />concluded that IgY for NE alpha toxin type A could be used successfully to protect or even minimize the severity of the<br />disease during possible outbreaks
NE,Clostridium perfringens,Alpha toxin,IgY
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31276.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31276_13d256191505e26b3d213288b4e836a2.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
The structural characterization of the lacrimal gland in the adult dog (Canis familiaris)
106
116
EN
Nesma
I.
El-naseery
Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
Eman
I.
El-behery
Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
Hanaa
M.
El-Ghazali
Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
Enas
El-Hady
Anatomy & Embryology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31277
To elucidate the macroscopical and microscopical structure of dog's lacrimal gland, 15 adult dogs (Canis familiaris) were<br />utilized in this study. Macroscopically, the lacrimal gland was located on the dorsolateral aspect of the eyeball and<br />bounded dorsolaterally by the orbital ligament, zygomatic process of the frontal bone and frontal process of malar bone.<br />Its shape was nearly rectangular with the average width (1.38 ± 0.13 cm) and length (1.52 ±0.12 cm). In between the<br />dorsal and lateral rectus muscles, the lacrimal artery, vein and nerve were observed. Microscopically, the lacrimal gland<br />was enveloped by the fibromuscular capsule and lobulated. Each lobule was formed of secretory endpieces and ducts.<br />The secretory endpieces were mucous and serous. However, the mucous type was predominant. The lining cells of the<br />secretory endpieces expressed a positive reaction to alcian blue and Periodic acid Shiff. A series of duct system within<br />the lobules and septa was seen. The scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that the secretory endpieces<br />covered with granular secretory substance. Several crystals with sharp taper ends were seen around the secretory<br />endpieces
lacrimal gland,Dog,orbital ligament,secretory endpieces
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31277.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31277_00c541a9a879540b8597ece3fc2f5a0c.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Efficacy of inactivated BEF vaccine adjuvant with Montanide ISA 206 compared with the locally prepared inactivated BEF vaccines
117
123
EN
El-Bagoury
G.
F.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
El-Habbaa
A.
S.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Amal
A.
M.
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo
Nermeen
G.
S.
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31278
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) virus belonging to Ephemerovirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family causes an<br />economically important seasonal acute vector- borne disease. Routine vaccination, is one of the main controlling steps,<br />particularly in countries where the disease is endemic. This study deal with comparative evaluation of humeral immune<br />response of cattle using SNT and ELISA to three inactivated BEF vaccines. Inactivated BEF vaccine with Montanide ISA<br />206 (water-in-oil-in-water) adjuvant given in 2 doses one month apart gave high protective antibody titer lasted for 44<br />weeks’ post vaccination (WPV). The inactivated BEF vaccine with aluminum hydroxide gel adjuvant given in 2 doses<br />one month apart gave satisfactory immune response lasted for 30 WPV then neutralizing antibodies waned rapidly. Live<br />attenuated BEF vaccine that inactivated by saponin on time of vaccination give higher antibody titer which rise more<br />rapidly lasted for 38 WPV only. It could be concluding that the inactivated BEF vaccine with Montanide ISA 206 adjuvant<br />gave satisfactory higher and longer lasting antibody titer for 44 WPV and it was recommended to use this vaccine in<br />endemic and non-endemic countries to control and prevent the disease especially before summer season
BEF virus,vaccine,Adjuvant,SNT,ELISA
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31278.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31278_a46882e71ba5ba62646e9124aca90317.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Antibacterial effect of Rosemary and Clove oil on Staph. aureus in minced meat
124
129
EN
Fatin
S.
Hassanien
Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Rana
M.
Khalil
Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Mohamed
I.
Mousa
Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University
Dalia
F.
khater
Animal Health Research Institute., Department of food Hygiene. Tanta branch
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31279
The present study was designed to investigate antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of clove oil and rosemary oil for their<br />effects on the growth and survival of Staphylococcus aureus artificially inoculated into minced beef. Fresh minced beef<br />samples were inoculated with (~ 10<sup>6</sup> CFU/ml) (6 log CFU/g) of Staph. aureus Initial counts of Staph. aureus in minced<br />beef samples immediately after inoculation were (10.86±5.18 log CFU/g). Essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum)<br />and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) (%v/g) were added to the minced beef samples to achieve final concentrations of<br />1, 1.5 and2%. Sensory (color, odor and texture) and bacteriological (Staph. aureus counts) analyses were conducted after<br />1, 2, 3, 4.5.6. 24 hrs, 2<sup>nd</sup>, 3<sup>rd</sup> and 6<sup>th</sup> day during cold storage at 4°C. clove oil (2%) group give the best effectiveness with<br />a significant advantage in extend shelf-life of refrigerated minced meat to 5 days compared to all groups specially control<br />ones (3 days)
Antimicrobial,antioxidant,rosemary,clove
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31279.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31279_96cb5aa02f643a7b5535f39ceb97fca5.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Aflatoxins residues in chicken and turkey tissues
130
135
EN
Faten
S.
Hasanen
Department of Food control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
Mousa
M.
Mohammed
Department of Food control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adfina University, Egypt
Mahomud
A.
H.
Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza
Wafaa
M.
Hassan
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki
Fatma
H.
Amro
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31281
Total aflatoxins residues were detected in chicken and turkey tissues "muscles and liver " by using HPLC. Results revealed<br />a significant difference variation among liver and muscles in examined chicken and turkey’s samples (p values <0.05).<br />These indicated that liver is the reservoir place of total aflatoxins residues. The means average of Aflatoxin B1, G1, B2,<br />G2 and total aflatoxins residues respectively, in examined chicken liver samples were 17.3+/-3.3 μg/kg, 13.5+/-2.1μg/kg,<br />7.6+/-4.8 μg/kg ,1.5+/-0.9 μg/kg and 22.8+/-4.1μg/kg. while in examined muscles samples they were 6.5+/-1.03 μg/kg,<br />4+/-1.4 μg/kg, 1.7+/-0.6 μg/kg, 0.7+/-0.3 μg/kg and 8.9+/-1.5 μg/kg. On the other side the means for Aflatoxin B1, G1,<br />B2, G2 and total aflatoxins residues respectively, in examined turkey liver samples they were 15.6+/-2.7 μg/kg ,13+/-<br />4.2μg/kg, 6.1+/-0.5 μg/kg, 2.2+/-0.6 μg/kg and 24.5+/-4.7 μg/kg, while in turkey muscles samples were 6.3+/-1.5 μg/kg,<br />4+/-0.2 μg/kg, 2.9+/-1.3 μg/kg, 0.6+/-0.3 μg/kg and 9.3+/-2.5μg/kg
Residues –Aflatoxins,Chicken- Turkeys –HPLC
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31281.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31281_6e571dcddce0de5fe1a9bb30a5704b86.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Ciprofloxacin residues in chicken and turkey carcasses
136
143
EN
Faten
S.
Hasanen
Head of Department of Food control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
Mousa
M.
Mohammed
Vice dean for Education and Student Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Adfina, Egypt
Mahomud
A.
H.
Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt
Wafaa
M.
Hassan
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki
Fatma
H.
Amro
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31282
Ciprofloxacin residues were detected in chicken and turkey tissues "thigh, breast, liver and kidney" by using HPLC.<br />Results reflected a significant difference variation among kidney, liver, breast and thigh in examined chicken and turkey<br />samples as p values <0.05 indicating that kidney and liver are the site of accumulation of ciprofloxacin residues The<br />highest residual level of ciprofloxacin found in kidney then liver Whereas the lowest concentrations were found in breast<br />then thigh muscles. The means average of ciprofloxacin residues in examined chicken samples in kidney , liver , breast<br />and thigh respectively, were 316+/-26.4 μg/kg , 211.1+/-20.6 μg/kg, 131.7+/-25.2 μg/kg and 92.11+/-30.1 μg/kg ; on the<br />other side the means for turkey samples were 291.9+/-29.9 μg/kg , 205.7+/-23 μg/kg , 119.2+/-12.5 μg/kg and 83.2+/-<br />19.6 μg/kg respectively; By Using of different heat treatment processes, Ciprofloxacin residues are heat stable compounds<br />as they couldn’t be degraded by any cooking methods except microwaving at 800 W with one spoonful of sunflower oil<br />for 15-20 minutes for muscles and 3-5 minutes for liver and kidney, Also freezing for 1 month at -20cº could degrade<br />ciprofloxacin to its metabolites at levels lower than permissible limits but not to Un detectable levels.
residues,ciprofloxacin,Poultry- Turkeys –HPLC
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31282.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31282_004d6664d30c6bfe5db9d918b7fc3451.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Bacteriological and molecular studies on toxigenic Clostridium perfringens in milk and some milk products
144
148
EN
Ashraf
A.
Abd El Tawab
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med. Benha Univ.
Fatma
I.
El-Hofy
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med. Benha Univ.
Ahmed
M.
Ammar
Microbiology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med.
Zagazig Univ.
Hoda
A.
Aideia
Animal Health Research Institute Dokki, Giza
Eman
A.
Hammad
General Authority for Vet. Services
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31283
Two hundred random samples of milk, kareish cheese, yoghurt and ice-cream (50 for each) were examined<br />microbiologically for the presence of Clostridium perfringens, their enterotoxigencity and their antibiotic sensitivity.<br />Clostridium perfringens was isolated from 3 (6%) milk samples, 4 (8%) kareish cheese samples and it could not be<br />isolated from any examined samples of yoghurt and ice-cream. The majority of C. perfringens isolates recovered from<br />milk and milk products were susceptible to ofloxacin, ampicillin + sulbactam and norfloxacin (100%), vancomycin,<br />tetracycline, metronidazole and amoxicillin + clavulinic acid (83.3%) and clindamycin (66.7%). The majority were<br />resistant to cephalothin (100%), sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim (83.3%), oxacillin and chloramphenicol (66.7%).<br />Molecular studies using multiplex PCR technique for detection of alpha toxin gene and C.perfringens types "A"<br />enterotoxin gene revealed that the 7 isolates of C. perfringens (100%) were positive for alpha toxin gene and only 2 out<br />of 7 isolates (28.57%) were positive for enterotoxin gene
Milk,C. perfringens,enterotoxigencity,Antibiotic sensitivity,PCR
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31283.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31283_15dcb532c311b6068f75571a0afed835.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
The hepato- protective Effect of Stem Cells and Levamisole against Carbontetrachloride induced Liver Fibrosis
149
157
EN
Khaled
M.
Fararh
Clinical Pathology department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Ayman
Samir
Farid
0000-0002-7844-7967
Clinical Pathology department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
ayman.samir@fvtm.bu.edu.eg
Ibtisam
Mohammed
Azzam
Pathology department, Animal Health Research Institute
Asmaa
Abdelmonsef
Sultan
Pathology department, Animal Health Research Institute
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31284
This study designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of stem cells only or stem cells and levamisole on<br />experimentally Carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) induced liver damage by evaluation of haematological parameters,<br />biochemical parameters, immunological parameters and histopathological findings. Sixty (60) Wister rats were<br />divided into four groups with 15 animals in each group. Group (1): normal group. Group (2): rats injected with<br />CCL<sub>4</sub> (0.2ml/100gm) s/c twice a week for 9 weeks. Group (3): rats injected with CCL<sub>4</sub> then given MSCs<br />(3x10<sup>6</sup> cell) I/v once a week for 4 weeks. Group (4): rats injected with CCL<sub>4</sub> then given levamisole (2.5mg/kg)<br />three successive days for 4 weeks and stem cells (MSCs) (3x10<sup>6 </sup>cell) I/v once a week for 4 weeks. Results<br />showed that injection of CCL<sub>4</sub> lead to significant increase in activity of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP)<br />and Bilirubin level while it decreased serum total protein, albumin, IL- 6, Phagocytic index, Phagocytic %,<br />IgG and IgM. While after treatment with stem cells only or stem cells and levamisole lead to significant<br />decrease in activity of hepatic enzymes (AST, ALT, ALP) and Bilirubin level while it increased serum total<br />protein, albumin, IL- 6, Phagocytic index, Phagocytic %, IgG and IgM
Liver fibrosis,Carbon tetrachloride,Levamisole and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31284.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31284_37f9eedc3af84ab2c1b1d120eaf95041.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Virulence Genotyping of Enterococcus species isolated from meat and milk products
158
164
EN
Abd El Tawab
A.
A.
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Banha University
Ammar
A.
M.
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
Marwa
I.
Abd El-Hamid
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University
Enas
N.
El-Dessouky
Veterinary Medicine Directorate, Zagazig
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31285
Enterococci have recently emerged as nosocomial pathogens. Their ubiquitous nature determines their frequent finding<br />in foods as contaminants. As little is known about their virulence potential, this study aimed to investigate the frequency<br />of five potential virulence determinants in Enterococcus species isolated from various foodstuffs in Sharkia and Dakahlia<br />Governorates, Egypt. A total of 59 enterococci isolates (59%) were recovered according to standard microbiological<br />methods, with milk and meat being most contaminated (76 and 60%, respectively). Species-specific PCR of ten<br />enterococci isolates identified by 16S rDNA revealed the presence of E. faecalis, E. faecium and unidentified enterococci<br />in 70, 20 and 10% of the isolates, respectively. PCR screening for esp (enterococcal surface protein), gelE (gelatinase),<br />asa1 (aggregation substance), hyl (hyaluronidase) and ace (collagen binding antigen) virulence factors showed that all<br />the identified isolates were found to carry one or more virulence-encoding genes, with two or three being the most<br />common pattern. The esp and gelE were the predominant virulence traits among all investigated enterococci isolates (80%<br />each), followed by ace, asa1 and hyl genes (50, 30 and 10%, respectively). Notably, E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates<br />showed different patterns of virulence determinants; esp, gelE, ace and asa1 genes were more prevalent in E. faecium<br />than E. faecalis. Simultaneous presence of virulence markers was observed among the analyzed isolates. Therefore, the<br />results of this study showed that food can play an important role in the spread of enterococci with virulence potential<br />through the food chain to the human population
Enterococcus species,foodstuffs,Virulence,PCR,ESP,gelE
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31285.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31285_271d22668095194e96f48f0099959b3a.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Some adverse effects of cytarabine in leukemic rats
165
170
EN
M.
G.
Elsayed
Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Enas
A.H.
Farag
Animal health research
institute Benha branch
Hanan
S.
Khaled
pharmaceutical company
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31286
In the present work, the biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histological changes following intravenous<br />injection of 2 mg/ kg for 7 days and 3 mg cytarabine for 5 days in both normal and leukemic rats were studied. Sample<br />were taken in the first, second and third week after end of administration of cytarabine. Both normal and leukemic rats<br />showed significant increase in serum total bilirubin, AST, ALT, ALP, total protein and albumin after intravenous<br />administration of cytarabine either 2 mg/kg body weight for 7 days or 3 mg/kg body weight for 5 days. The effect of<br />intravenous injection of cytarabine either 2 mg/kg body weight for 7 days or 3 mg/kg body weight for 5 days on serum<br />creatinine level in normal and leukemic rats showed a significant changes of kidney function through estimation of serum<br />creatinine, urea and creatine kinase level. Intravenous injection of cytarabine either 2 mg/kg body weight for 7 days or 3<br />mg /kg body weight for 5 days induce significant increase on lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride) and MDA<br />concentration in normal and leukemic rats
cytarabine,Lipid profile,leukemic rats,MDA
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31286.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31286_879b1d7ffca54a60315cc076568368ae.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Pasteurella multocida in camels: incidence, capsular and virulence genes characterization
171
175
EN
Ashraf
A.
Abd El Tawab
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha University
Fatma
I.
El -Hofy
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Benha University
Attia
Al-Jeddawy
Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki – Giza
Ebtehal
Abo-Hamdah
Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki – Giza
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31288
Pasteurella multocida is the main cause of hemorrhagic septicemia in camels. This study deals with the isolation and<br />molecular examination of hemorrhagic septicemia in camels from May 2014 to March 2016 from 30 camel nasal swabs<br />in Marsa Matruh and 120 camel lungs (70 slaughtered in Basateen abattoir in Giza Governorate and 50 slaughtered in Al-<br />Shohada abattoir at Al-Menofia Governorate). All collected samples were subjected to clinical, postmortem examination<br />as well as for bacteriological and molecular examination. Totally P. multocida was isolated from the examined samples<br />with percentage of 5(3.3%). While the percentage of the isolation rate from 120 camel lungs was 5(4.2%). In contrast, all<br />30 nasal swabs were negative. In the pathogenicity test, all P.multocida isolates were highly pathogenic. Pasteurella<br />multocida isolates were identified by PCR and 23 S RNA gene was amplified at 1432bp. Three out of five isolates were<br />identified as P.multocida type B with amplification at 760bp while other two isolates identified as P.multocida type A<br />and amplified at 1044bp . Also, PCR showed that toxA gene was amplified in all isolates and giving product of 864bp but<br />ptfA gene was not detected. As conclusion, P.multocida in camels can be diagnosed with different methods such as<br />confirmatory biochemical and molecular assays
Pasteurella multocida,Hemorrhagic septicemia,camel,Egypt
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31288.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31288_c5926a03d4c5f70d62200ef04c4a73b5.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Biochemical effect of renal prophylactic drugs on inflammatory markers in experimentally induced chronic renal failure in rats
176
180
EN
Abdel-Maksoud
H.
A.
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Egypt
Hindawi
U.
M.
Biochemistry Department, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
Sadek
K.
M.
Biochemistry Department, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31290
The present study aimed to determine the biochemical alternations and inflammatory markers in experimental induced<br />chronic renal failure in rats by adenine at dose of 250 mg/kg. b.w for two and four weeks and role of N-acetyl Cysteine<br />on chronic renal failure as a prophylactic drug at dose of 54mg/kg for two and four weeks
chronic renal failure,Adenine,N-acetyl cysteine
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31290.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31290_a23f5b3a60e3e68c7c90f2edf3b2bc6d.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Effect of some microbial decontaminators on chicken carcass
181
188
EN
Hemmat
M.
Ibrahim
Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
drhemmat01@yahoo.com
Reham
A.
Amin
Department of Food Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
rehamnour2007@yahoo.com
Zakaria
I.
M.
Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza
El -Sayed
A.
Afify
Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31291
This current study was carried out to evaluate the effect of trisodium phosphate 5%, 8% and 10%, chlorine 20 ppm,50ppm<br />and 60ppm and hydrogen peroxide 1%, 2% and 3%, on total aerobic plate count, Enterobactereacea count,<br />staphylococcus count and isolation percentages of Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus and L. monocytogens of fresh<br />slaughtered chicken. The results of count of control sample were 8.2±7.99, 4.41±3.89 and 4.30±3.76 log10cfu/g and the<br />percentages of isolation were 60, 90 and 10%, respectively. While after dipping in trisodium phosphate 5%, 8% and 10%,<br />the reduction percentage of aerobic plate count, Enterobactereacea count and staphylococcus count were 6.2%, 23%,<br />30.6%, 11.1%, 44%, 100% , 17.2%, 32.3% and 52%, after dipping in chlorine 20ppm, 50ppm and 60ppm,were 4%, 5%,<br />35.3%, 9.3%, 22.6%, 27.2%, 8.1%, 30.2% and 32.6%, after dipping in hydrogen peroxide 1%, 2% and 3%, were80.8%,<br />82.3% , 87.8%, 82.7%, 86.8%, 100%, 82.5%, 100% and 100%, respectively. Moreover, the reduction percentages of<br />Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, were 50%, 66.7%, 83.3%, 22.2%, 66.6% and 100%, after dipping in trisodium<br />phosphate 5%, 8% and 10%. While after dipping in chlorine 20ppm,50ppm and 60ppm, were16.7%, 33.3%, 50%, 11.1%,<br />22.2% and 33.3% and after dipping in hydrogen peroxide 1%, 2% and 3%, were50%, 66.6%, 83.3%, 55.5%, 100% and<br />100%. L. monocytogenes failed to be detected (100% decontamination)
TSP,Chlorine,Hydrogen Peroxide,chicken carcasses,Decontamination
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31291.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31291_d1cb205696c09107e0d2e79e4773195e.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Bacterial evaluation of vacuum packaged meat products
189
195
EN
Shaltout
F.
A.
Food Control Dept., Fac. Vet. Med., Benha Univ.
Zakaria
I.
M.
Animal health research institute, Doki, Giza
Lamiaa
M.
lotfy
Home Economics Department., Fac. Specific education., Kafr Elshiekh Univ.
Ibrahim
I.
Ahmed
microbiology department., Elborg medical lab.
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31296
The purpose of this study to evaluate the microbiological quality of vacuum packaged meat product samples (luncheonsausage)<br />collected from different markets in Qalyobia governorate (30 of each). The obtained results indicated that the<br />mean values of APC, anaerobic plate count and Enterobacteriacea counts was 2.1xl0<sup>6</sup>±1.5xl0<sup>6</sup>, 1.5xl0<sup>7</sup>±3.5xl0<sup>6</sup>& 1.7xl0<sup>4</sup>±3.9xl0<sup>3 </sup>cfu/g for sausage and 2.9xl05±2.6xl04, 2.4xl05±2.5xl04& 2xl05±2xl04 cfu/g for luncheon, respectively.<br />Isolation and identification of some food poisoning bacteria were carried out. Salmonella, Staphylococci, and Clostridium<br />perfringens were isolated and identified and the incidence was 10 %,6.6% and 33.3 % for sausage and 3.3, 10%&43.3 %<br />for luncheon, respectively. Contamination of food by handlers is the most common cause of the presence of<br />microorganisms which indicate a bad hygienic measure applied through different stages of food preparation, handling<br />and serving
Vacuum,sausage,luncheon,Salmonella
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31296.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31296_97754c4a5bd0fc5470215666a2d33731.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
microbiology department., Elborg medical lab.
196
201
EN
Reham
A.
Amin
Food Control Department, Fac. Vet. Med., Benha University, Egypt
rehamnour2007@yahoo.com
Naglaa
A.
Eltaib
Food Control Department, Fac. Vet. Med., Benha University, Egypt
Nesrin
Z.
Eliwa
Animal Health Institute, Tanta lab. Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31297
A grand total of ninety random samples of chicken meat products represented by fresh pane, popcorn and luncheon (30 of each)were collected from different supermarkets and retailers of different sanitation levels in different cities at Gharbia Governorate, Egypt for bacteriological examination The mean values of APC ,Coliform and total Staphylococcal counts (log cfu/g) were7.46 ± 0.51<sup>b</sup>, 5.25±0.10<sup>a</sup> and 5.10 ± 1.28<sup>a</sup> in the examined chicken fresh pane samples, 5.41± 0.35<sup>c</sup>, 4.13±1.40<sup>b</sup> and 4.73 ± 1.78<sup>b</sup> in the examined chicken luncheon samples and 7.10±1.37<sup>a</sup> , 5.28±2.25<sup>a</sup> and 5.88 ± 1.66<sup>a</sup> in<br />the examined chicken pop corn samples, respectively . On the other hand, the percentages of unaccepted samples of fresh<br />pane, luncheon and popcorn were 100%, 83.3% and 86.7% according to the permissible limits stipulated by EOS 1651<br />(2005) for coliform (not exceed 10<sup>2</sup>) respectively, with high significant difference between the examined samples (P<<br />0.05). Moreover, the incidence of coagulase positive S. aureus isolated from chicken products samples fresh pane,<br />luncheon and pop-corn were 10%, 23.3% and 23.3% respectively. The public health importance of the isolated<br />microorganism and the recommended points to prevent or even minimize contamination of chicken meat products with<br />microorganisms were discussed.
Chicken Meat Products,APC,S. aureus,Coliform
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31297.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31297_95677ff51588e6b9635a9f48f8d6061f.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Bacteriological and molecular studies on toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in milk and some milk products
202
209
EN
Ashraf
A.
Abd El Tawab
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med. Benha Univ.
Fatma
I.
El-Hofy
Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med. Benha Univ.
Ahmed
M.
Ammar
Microbiology Dept., Fac. Vet. Med.
Zagazig Univ.
Hoda
A.
Aideia
Animal Health Research Institute Dokki, Giza
Eman
A.
Hammad
General Authority for Vet. Services
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31298
A total of 200 random samples of milk and milk products represented by kareish cheese, yoghurt and icecream<br />(50 for each) were examined microbiologically for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, its<br />enterotoxigencity and its antibiotic sensitivity. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 8 (16%) milk<br />samples, 15 (30%) kareish cheese, 4 (8%) yoghurt and 11 (22%) ice-cream samples. All S. aureus isolates<br />exhibited clumping factor using kits for reliable latex agglutination test. The susceptibility of the isolates was<br />determined for 12 antimicrobial drugs using disc diffusion assay. The majority of strains were susceptible to<br />ofloxacin and ampicillin + sulbactam (100%), vancomycin and tetracycline (94.7%), norfloxacin and<br />sulphamethoxazole + trimethoprim (89.5%), chloramphenicol (73.3%) but they were resistant to oxacillin and<br />metronidazole (100%). Amplification of coagulase gene (coa) using uniplex PCR, staphylococcal enterotoxin<br />genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and see) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (mecA) gene using multiplex PCR<br />revealed that, 11/11(100%) of the examined samples were positive for both coa and mecA genes. While, sea<br />produced by 5 (45.45%) strains, sec and sed produced by 4 (36.36%) strains and seb and see were not produced<br />by any strains
Milk,S. aureus,enterotoxigencity,Antibiotic sensitivity,PCR
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31298.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31298_95bad364b355a96f691620f56234c930.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Effect of different cooking methods on ractopamine residues in beef
210
212
EN
Mohammed
A.
Hassan
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Reham
A.
A.
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Marzouk
N.
M.
Food Hygiene Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza
Sarah
R.
kh.
Food Hygiene Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31299
The study was planned out to estimate the ractopamine (RAC) residues in frozen beef as well as the effect of different<br />cooking on (RAC) in beef samples. The mean value of RAC in meat was 3.43±0.43 ppb. The obtained results showed no<br />evidence for the illegal use of ractopamine, but these results do not exclude the possibility of misuse of these potentially<br />harmful Substance. Regarding the effect of cooking on RAC residues in different cooking processes (boiling,<br />microwaving and grilling), results showed that the degradation of RAC after boiling was 19.24%. Whereas after<br />microwaving and grilling they were 11.66, 47.52%. The results were statistically evaluated and the public health<br />significances were discussed.
Ractopamine,beef,Boiling,microwave,grilling
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31299.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31299_5c47a8145e4e4c5c6c6c0f2e4b723d8c.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Prevalence of some foodborne microorganisms in meat and meat products
213
219
EN
Fahim
A.
Shaltout
Food Control Department (Meat Hygiene), Fac. Vet. Med. Benha Univ.
Ahmed
A. A.
Maarouf
Animal Health Research "Benha branch"
Ibrahim,
A.
El-Kewaiey
Animal Health Research "Damanhour branch"
Ahmed
Y. A.
Heweidy
Vet. at Shubra-Bokhom Abattoir
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31300
This study was conducted on 140 random samples of fresh beef and meat products viz: minced meat, luncheon and<br />sausage (35 for each), collected from different shops at El-Kaliobia Governorate, to evaluate their bacteriological profile.<br />The bacteriological examination of fresh beef and meat products minced meat, sausage and luncheon revealed that the<br />mean values of APC, Enterobacteriaceae, coliform and Staphylococcus counts were 8.34×10<sup>4</sup>±0. 10 ×10<sup>4</sup>;<br />2.14×10<sup>2</sup>±0.97×10<sup>2</sup>; 1.25×10<sup>2</sup>±0. 13 ×10<sup>2</sup> and 2.36×10<sup>2</sup> ±0.12 ×10<sup>2</sup> for fresh beef samples; 8.03×10<sup>4</sup> ±0.12×10<sup>4</sup>; 2.02×10<sup>2</sup><br />±0.76×10<sup>2</sup>; 0. 89×10<sup>2</sup> ±0.06 ×10<sup>2</sup> and 2.67×10<sup>2</sup> ±0.11×10<sup>2</sup> for minced meat samples; 6.74×10<sup>4</sup> ±0. 28 ×10<sup>4</sup>; 1.85×10<sup>2</sup><br />±0.64×10<sup>2</sup>; 0. 73×10<sup>2</sup> ±0.08 ×10<sup>2</sup> and 1.9×10<sup>2</sup> ±0.11 ×10<sup>2</sup> for sausage samples and 5.85×10<sup>4</sup> ±0.24×10<sup>4</sup> ;1.69×10<sup>2</sup><br />±0.70×10<sup>2</sup> ;0.71×10<sup>2</sup> ±0.07×10<sup>2</sup> and 1.68×10<sup>2</sup>±0.11×10<sup>2</sup>, for luncheon samples. Further, 21 isolates of E.coli were isolated<br />from examined meat samples represented as 5(14.3%) from fresh beef with serotypes 2 O55:H7,1 O125:H18,1 O111: H4<br />and 1 O26:H11 ; 8(22.9%) from minced meat with serotypes 3 O55:H7, 2 O125:H18, 1 O111:H4, 1 O26:H11 and 1<br />untyped; 6 (17.1%) from sausage with serotypes 2 O55:H7, 1 O125:H18, 1 O111:H4 , 1 O26:H11 and one untyped and<br />2 (5.7%) from luncheon samples with serotypes O55:H7 . In addition, 25 isolates of Coagulase positive S. aureus were<br />isolated from examined meat samples represented as 6 (17.1%) from fresh beef; 9 (25.7%) from minced meat; 7 (20.0%)<br />from sausage and 3(8.6%) from luncheon samples. Meanwhile, Salmonella serovars were not detected from all examined<br />meat samples
meat products,Bacteriological Evaluation,E. coli,Staph. aureus,Salmonella
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31300.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31300_363d7f49d41e3d9ba4c939f461471741.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Prevalence and molecular characterization of Pseudomonas species in frozen imported meat
220
224
EN
Hemmat
M.
Ibrahim
Food Control Dept., Fac. Vet. Med., Benha University
drhemmat01@yahoo.com
Hassan
M.
A.
Food Control Dept., Fac. Vet. Med., Benha University
Nahla
A.
bou El-Roos
Animal Health Research Institute, Shbin Elkoom
Mohga
Abd Elsalam
Animal Health Research Institute, Shbin Elkoom
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31301
A total of 90 random samples of Frozen American, Brazilian and Indian meat samples (30 of each) were collected from<br />different retail shops and supermarkets in EL-Menofeya Governorate at different production dates. The collected samples<br />were examined bacteriologically and by using PCR tecnique for detection of Pseudomonas species, especially<br />Ps.aeruginosa. There for , Ps. aeruginosa , Ps.alcaligenes , Ps.cepacia , Ps. fluorescence , Ps. proteolytica , Ps.<br />Psychrophila, Ps. putrifaciens, Ps.thermotolerans, Ps. versicularis , Ps. fragi,Ps.Putida Ps.orientalis and Ps.stutzeri were<br />isolated from 2(6.67%), 5 (16.67%), 1 (3.33%), 14 (46.67%), 8 (26.67%), 3(10%), 10 (33.33%),6(20%), 1 (3.33%) and<br />zero for Ps.fragi,Ps.Putida,Ps.orientalis and Ps.stutzeri for frozen American meat samples ,3 (10%) , 8 (26.67%) , 1<br />(3.33%) , 19 (63.33%),5(16.67%), 7 (23.33%), 13(43.33%), 9 ( 30%) 3(10%) , 2(6.67%) , 1(6.67%) and zero for<br />Ps.orientalis one Ps.stutzeri , for frozen Brazilian meat samples, 6(20%),9(30%),4 (13.33%),25(83.33%),6 (20%),<br />11(36.67),19(63.33%) , 13(43.33%), 4(13.33%), 3(10%), 3(10%), 1(3.33%) and 2(6.67%) for frozen Indian meat<br />samples, respectively. Regarding to Ps.aeruginosa the total number and percentage of ps.aeruginosa were 2(6.67%) ,<br />3(10%) and 6(20%) for American , Brazilian and Indian frozen meat, respectively with total result of (12.22%). By using<br />PCR technique, the all examined samples by conventional method showed positive result by both of PCR and<br />conventional method to Pseudomonas species. On the other hand of Ps. aeruginosa was detected in one sample of Indian<br />meat by conventional method while it showed negative result by PCR technique
Pseudomonas,frozen meat,Molecular characterization,PCR,PA- GS,PA-SS
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31301.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31301_52871f6cefff331b006b3096f642c4c7.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis in lactating cows
225
230
EN
Ghanem
M.
M.
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Benha University
Mahmoud
M.
E.
Animal Medicine Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University
Abd El-Raof
Y.
M.
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Benha University
El-Attar
H.
M.
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Benha University
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31302
The aim of this work was to compare the efficacy of different cow side tests for diagnosis of ketosis including Precision<br />Xtra ketone method and PortaBHB milk ketone tests in Holstein- Friesian dairy cows. The colorimetric estimation of serum<br />BHBA at a cut-off point ≥1.200 mmol /L was used as a gold standard method. For that purpose, 200 Holstein- Friesian dairy<br />cows up to 6 weeks postpartum were tested. The prevalence of ketosis was 11% by using colorimetric method. The apparent<br />prevalence of ketosis was 12.5% by using of Precision Xtra ketone test at a cut-off point of blood BHBA ≥1.200 mmol /L<br />with 90.9% sensitivity, 97.2% specificity, 80 % positive predictive value (PPV) and 98.9% negative predictive value (NPV).<br />A significant correlation (r = 0.871; P <0.01) was recorded between serum BHBA measured by colorimetric method and<br />whole blood BHBA measured by Precision Xtra ketone test. The apparent prevalence of ketosis was 20.5% and 6.5% by<br />using PortaBHB milk ketone test at a cut- off point 100-200 μmol of milk BHBA /L with 86.4% and 45.5% sensitivity,<br />87.6% and 98.3% specificity, 46.3% and 76.9% PPV and 98.1% and 93.6% NPV, respectively. It was concluded that<br />Precision Xtra ketone test and PortaBHB milk ketone test are simple and rapid tools for diagnosis of ketosis compared with<br />the standard colorimetric method. However, Precision Xtra ketone test is more accurate and sensitive than PortaBHB milk<br />ketone test.
cow side tests,ketosis,PortaBHB milk ketone test,Precision Xtra ketone test
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31302.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31302_9cb817c6cb21979d8d2ac69030a8f83a.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Alterations in biochemical parameters and hepatic ultrasonography with reference to oxidant injury in ketotic dairy cows
231
240
EN
Ghanem
M.
M.
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Benha University
Mahmoud
M.
E.
Animal Medicine Dept., Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University
Abd El-Raof
Y.
M.
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Benha University
El-Attar
H.
M.
Animal Medicine Department, Faculty of Vet. Medicine, Benha University
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31304
This study aimed to evaluate the clinical, biochemical and hepatic ultrasonographic changes in ketotic dairy cows. For<br />that purpose, we examined 42 lactating Holstein- Friesian cows with ages from 3- 10 years old during the post parturient<br />period (up to 6 weeks postpartum). The cows were classified into control healthy (C=20), subclinical ketotic cows<br />(SCK=17) and clinical ketotic cows (CK=5). Clinically, anorexia and reduction in milk yield were observed in CK cows.<br />The ruminal movements showed a significant depression (P<0.05) in CK than SCK and control. The serum glucose,<br />insulin and cortisol showed a highly significant decrease (P<0.001) in CK and SCK than control. The serum NEFA and<br />BHBA showed a highly significant increase (P<0.001) in CK and SCK than control. Serum cholesterol and HDL levels<br />showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in SCK and CK cows than control. Serum triglycerides (TG) and very low density<br />lipoprotein (VLDL) were significantly decreased (P<0.01) in CK than control. The serum activity of AST, ALT and GGT<br />were significantly increased (P<0.05) in CK cows than control. Serum Ca and P levels were significantly decreased<br />(P<0.05) in CK cows than SCK and control. Regarding the oxidative stress biomarkers, serum level of malondialdehyde<br />(MDA) showed a highly significant (P<0.001) increase in CK cows than SCK and control whereas, serum superoxide<br />dismutase (SOD) level was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in CK cows than control. Hepatic ultrasonography of ketotic<br />cows revealed varying degrees of fatty infiltration (focal and diffuse fatty infiltration) appeared as increased hepatic<br />echogenicity with a blurring of hepatic blood vessels. It is concluded that ketosis induced clinical, biochemical and<br />ultrasonographical changes in lactating cows. Oxidant injury could be implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease
Anti-oxidant,biochemical,ketosis,subclinical ketosis,Ultrasonography
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31304.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31304_ebada4e26cf5412f3e16444ff53b647f.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Evaluation of an inactivated BEF virus vaccine adjuvant on montanide ISA 206 in cattle subjected for one and two doses immunization programs
241
247
EN
El-Bagoury
G.
F.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
El-Habbaa
A.
S.
Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Amal
A.
M.
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo
Nermeen
G.
S.
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbassia, Cairo
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31305
Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) is an infectious, arthropod-born viral disease has economic importance in cattle and buffaloes.<br />Vaccination is widely used to control and prevent BEF disease. This study aimed to prepare an inactivated BEF vaccine<br />using Montanide ISA 206 (water-in-oil-in-water) adjuvant that was applied in two different protocols (one dose and two<br />doses one month apart). The prepared vaccine was sterile and safe. It was found that a single dose of the vaccine induced<br />protective neutralizing serum antibody titer from 2nd week post vaccination (PV), reached highest titer at 10th week PV<br />and persisted in this protective titer until 34 weeks PV using SNT and confirmed using ELISA, however boostering of<br />animals 4 weeks post preliminary vaccination increased the titer of the protective neutralizing antibodies and its time<br />duration to 44 weeks PV. Thus, in order to provide immunity that will last the entire season it is recommended that the<br />vaccine should be administered short time before the onset of BEF season (summer season).
BEF,vaccine,Montanide ISA 206,SNT,ELISA
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31305.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31305_65f07bd104271337f236712808485771.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Biochemical and histopathological effect of probiotics on experimentallyinduced liver fibrosis in rat
248
253
EN
Mahfouz
MK
Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Omnia
M.
Abd El-Hamid
Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Emam
MA
Histology and Cytology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, 13736 Egypt
Menna.
A.
Bakr
Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31306
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the biochemical effect of probiotics treatment on Thioacetamide (TAA)<br />induced liver fibrosis in rats. Thirty white male Sprague Dewily rats of 8-10 weeks old and Weighing 150 to 200 g were<br />used in the experiment. Rats were randomly divided in to 2 main groups, 1<sup>st</sup> group acts as normal control, 2<sup>nd</sup> group was<br />injected with TAA intraperitoneally (200mg/kg b.wt) twice a week for 6 weeks for the induction of liver fibrosis, after<br />that the 2<sup>nd</sup> group was subdivided into 2 subgroups1st subgroup received no drugs and served as positive control, 2<sup>nd</sup><br />subgroup was treated with a daily dose of probiotics (0.0128×10<sup>9</sup> bacteria per gram of rat body weight) which is<br />equivalent to (135mg/kgb.wt) orally for 6 weeks. Blood samples were collected twice after 3 and 6 weeks of probiotics<br />treatment for biochemical examination, then rats were decapitated and liver specimens were collected for<br />histopathological examination. Intraperitoneal supplementation of TAA caused increase in serum level of AST, ALT,<br />Tbil, Dbil and pro-inflammatory cytokines as TNFα and IL6, decrease in serum level of Albumin and total protein.<br />Furthermore, histopathological examination revealed extensive degeneration, inflammatory infiltration and nodulation of<br />the liver. Probiotics treatment revealed decrease in serum level of ALT, AST, Tbil, Dbil and pro-inflammatory cytokines<br />as TNFα and IL6, decrease in serum level of Albumin and Total protein. Moreover, histopathological examination<br />revealed mild inflammation and less nodulation of the hepatic parenchyma.
TAA,probiotics,TNFα,IL6,Liver fibrosis
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31306.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31306_42afb947946f453c6504fc00ecb1ea78.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
254
257
EN
Eiaka
A.
M.
Sera Plant, VACSERA
El-Bagoury
G.
F.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
El-Nahas
E.
M.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Khodeir
M.
H.
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abassia, Cairo
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31307
Aiming to raise the levels of immunity induced in dogs by the cell culture inactivated rabies vaccine, bee venom BV was<br />subjected to investigate its immune stimulant effect in vaccinated dogs. It was found that a dose of 1mg of BV/ dog did<br />not cause any post inoculation reaction showing its safety. Mutual vaccination of dogs with BV inoculation was carried<br />out in different groups of susceptible dogs of about 3-5 months’ age. Monitoring of the exhibited rabies antibodies in<br />vaccinated dogs using serum neutralization test (SNT) and indirect Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELISA)<br />revealed that BV induced the highest levels of antibodies (128 by SNT and 7 log2 and 6 log2 by ELISA) when inoculated<br />before and simultaneously with rabies vaccine. Rabies vaccine alone or before inoculation of BV induced lower titers of<br />antibodies (32&64 and 5 & 6log2 by SNT and ELISA respectively) by the 4th week post vaccination. However, BV could<br />be used to initiate the immune response of dogs to rabies vaccine.
Bee venom,the immune response,rabies vaccine,ELISA
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31307.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31307_f9adf79e2da1d67a0696ce13d81e582a.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Evaluation of the antiviral effect of bee venom on rabies virus
258
261
EN
Eiaka
A.
M.
Sera Plant, VACSERA
El-Bagoury
G.
F.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
El-Nahas
E.
M.
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University
Khodeir
M.
H.
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abassia, Cairo
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31308
It is an interesting thing to known the effect of natural matter as bee venom as antiviral agent and to any extent it could<br />be used in case of experimental rabies infection. In vitro study revealed that different concentrations of bee venom (started<br />from the original concentration “1mg/ml” up to 1:1000) did not show any cell growth retarders or cellular changes<br />showing normal growth rate and normal cell shape. 1mg/ml and 100μgm/ml of bee venom were able to inhibit the<br />replication of 100 TCID<sub>50</sub> of rabies virus (ERA strain) in using baby hamster kidney BHK cells while 10 and 1μgm/ml<br />were negative. In vivo study showed that mice received rabies immune globulin and BV were able to withstand the rabis<br />infection when the they were administrated on the o, 1<sup>st</sup>, 2<sup>nd</sup> and 3<sup>rd</sup> day post infection showing protection rate of 90 and<br />80% respectively but those mice received the treatment on the following days did not survive the infection and showed<br />paralysis of the hind limbs by the 4<sup>th</sup> day and died by the 6-7<sup>th</sup> day post infection. It could be concluded that bee venom<br />could be used in case of rabies infection when administrated on the suitable time post exposure
Antiviral,Bee venom,Rabies Virus
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31308.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31308_e729d48717e607be8173a0aae03404b1.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Biogenic Amines as Serious Residues in Street Vended Foods
262
266
EN
Suzan
F.
Elsisy
Animal Health Research Institute, Benha Branch
Hemmat
M.
Ibrahim
Food Hygiene Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Benha University
drhemmat01@yahoo.com
Mohamed
A.
Hassan
Food Hygiene Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
Benha University
mohamed.hassan@fvtm.bu.edu.eg
Ali
M.
Ali
Animal Health Research Institute, Benha Branch
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31309
One hundred and thirty-five random samples of street vended foods represented by kofta, hawawshi and liver (45 of each)<br />were collected from Benha (15 of each product), Tukh (15 of each product) and Moshtohor (15 of each product) in<br />Kalyobia governorate for determination of their content of histamine and tyramine. The obtained results recorded that,<br />the percentage of occurrence of histamine in Benha city were 73.33, 93.33 and 66.67 % in the kofta, hawawshi and liver<br />samples, respectively. In Tukh center were 86.67, 100 and 73.33 % in the kofta, hawawshi and liver samples, respectively.<br />Whereas in Moshtohor village were 100, 100 and 80.00 % in the kofta, hawawshi and liver samples, respectively.<br />Furthermore, our results showed that the percentage of occurrence of tyramine in Benha city were 86.67, 100 and 73.33<br />% in the kofta, hawawshi and liver samples, respectively. In Tukh center were 93.33, 100 and 73.33 % in the kofta,<br />hawawshi and liver samples, respectively. Whereas in Moshtohor village were 100, 100 and 86.67 % in the kofta,<br />hawawshi and liver samples, respectively. It could be inferred that regarding the products contamination, hawawshi<br />represented the highest histamine and tyramine contamination followed by kofta then liver. Regarding the locality,<br />Moshtohor represented the highest contamination of both histamine and tyramine followed by Tukh then Benha city.
street vendors,Liver,histamine,Tyramine,meat products
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31309.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31309_32595570b59fcb3b8f09510de6a8a385.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
The bacteriological status of retail cheese in Zagazig city, Egypt
267
271
EN
Seham
El-Badry
Educational Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Amal
Raslan
Educational Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31310
Cheese is one of the most popular dairy products in Egypt. It supplies the body with protein, fat, vitamins and minerals.<br />Cheese may be exposed to bacterial contamination during manufacture, distribution and/or storage. This study was<br />undertaken to investigate the bacteriological status of different cheese types marketed in Zagazig city, Egypt. The obtained<br />results showed that Roumy cheese had the highest total mesophilic and psychrophilic counts followed by white, soft and<br />cheddar cheese types. Furthermore, the coliforms count and prevalence of different serotypes of E. coli in cheese samples<br />were detected. In addition, the expression of shiga-toxin producing genes (stx1 & stx2) in the identified E. coli serotypes<br />was screened using multiplex PCR. The obtained results revealed that only E. coli O<sub>127</sub>:H<sub>6</sub> had expressed both stx1 & stx2<br />toxin producing genes, while E. coli O<sub>111</sub>:H<sub>4</sub> had expressed only stx1 gene, however, both E. coli O<sub>124</sub>: H and O<sub>55</sub>:H<sub>7</sub> had<br />expressed stx2 gene. The public health importance of shiga-toxin producing E. coli was detected
Bacteria,cheese,E. coli,Health Hazards
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31310.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31310_2e397c02e94bc14785abe6dfea369208.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Utility of laboratory animals for relative potency evaluation of bovine respiratory viral vaccine
272
275
EN
Effat
L.
El Sayed
Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
Hanaa
A.
Mostafa
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
Nermeen
G.
Shafik
Central Laboratory for Evaluation of Veterinary Biologics, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31313
Current potency assay of bovine respiratory viral vaccines is routinely focused on vaccination antibody assay model in<br />susceptiblecattle. Based on the published data among validity of rabbits as a laboratory animals that could be used to<br />evaluate potency of many veterinary vaccines and difficulty in finding seronegative cattle to be used in potency assay of<br />bovine respiratory viral vaccines plus the need to carry batch to batch release potency test in less expensive way, The<br />present study was undertaken to address utility of rabbits for relative potency assay of a combined inactivated vaccine of<br />IBR, BVD,PI3 and BRS viruses in comparison with susceptible calves.Each of two batches of the local vaccine and one<br />imported vaccine was inoculated intramuscularly twice 14 days apart into one group of three seronegative cattle calves<br />using its recommended dose, and one group of five adult bosket rabbits using 2/5 cattle dose of each vaccine.The test<br />vaccine dose dependent immune response assays in calves and rabbits were conducted by inoculation of each of 1/2, 1/4<br />and 1/8 the full dose of the tested vaccine in one group of each calves and rabbits. Serum samples were collected and<br />measured by serum neutralization test. The tested vaccines were induced mean neutralizing antibody titer averages of<br />(1.05 - 1.5), (1.5 - 1.56), (1.05 - 1.64) and (1.42 - 1.52)log<sub>10 </sub>in sera of immunized rabbits for BVD, IBR, PI-3 and BRS<br />viruses respectively,and (1.65 - 1.75),(1.5 - 1.8), (1.44 - 1.9) and (1.6 - 1.65)log10 in sera of vaccinated calves for the same<br />viruses respectively by the 3<sup>th </sup>weekafter boostering; test vaccines seem to be potent in calves and immunogenic in<br />rabbits.Averages of the Relative Potency ( RP ) that determined by dividing each mean virus neutralization antibody titer<br />of log10in sera of the immunized rabbits by that of the vaccinated calves were (0.6 - 0.8), (0.8 - 1.0), (0.5 - 0.8) and (0.8 -<br />0.9) for each of BVD, IBR, PI3 and BRS viruses respectively by the 3<sup>th</sup> weekafter boostering. However, the results of the<br />vaccine dose dependent-immune response in both of immunized rabbits and vaccinated calves are proved the sensitivity<br />of rabbits in parallel with calves to the reduced doses of one of the tested vaccines; the reduced doses of the vaccine were<br />induced a considerable regressed antibody titers in serum of immunized rabbits as in vaccinated calves. In conclusion,<br />the present data indicate that the rabbits constitute as useful suggestive laboratory animals for potency evaluation of the<br />bovine combined respiratory inactivated viral vaccines instead of cattle calves
Rabbits,potency evaluation,viral vaccines
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31313.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31313_ae4da0b0a272fc69b43bad8831c5bc62.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Detection of food borne pathogens from retail chicken
276
282
EN
Heba
Badr
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry production, Animal Health Research Institute, Ministry
of Agriculture, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
drheba_badr@yahoo.com
Nayera
M.
AlAtfeehy
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry production, Animal Health Research Institute, Ministry
of Agriculture, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
Soad
A.
Nasef
Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry production, Animal Health Research Institute, Ministry
of Agriculture, Nadi El-Seid Street, Dokki P.O. Box 246, Giza 12618, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31314
Food borne pathogens are a serious public health problem. Poultry are often associated with food borne disease outbreaks.<br />The objective of this study was to investigate the distribution of food borne pathogens associated with manipulation of<br />chicken meat contaminated with Salmonella spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Campylobacter spp. and Listeria<br />monocytogenes. 104 retail chicken meat samples were examined (51 imported frozen chicken meats and 53 local chicken<br />meats). Salmonella was detected in the percentage of 3.8% (4/104), 1 isolate was S. Kentucky and 3 were S. Magherafelt.<br />E. coli were isolated with percentage of 35.6% (37/104) with different serotypes. On the other hands isolation of S. aureus<br />was 27.9% (29/104) revealed from 8 local chicken’s samples and 21 imported frozen chicken’s samples. While<br />Campylobacter appeared with percentage reached to 4.8% (5/104) after confirmation with PCR, which identified<br />Campylobacter coli. There is no record for Listeria Monocytogens, but Listeria spp. was present with percentage of 26.9%<br />(28/104). The identification of typical colonies revealed L. Ivanovi and L. Welshimeri
Chicken meats,Salmonella,Listeria monocytogen,Campylobacter,Staphylococcus aureus,E. coli
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31314.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31314_caf99b573f418c7c054d1c5894c0b220.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and some chemical adulterants in raw Milk
283
288
EN
Ola
F. A.
Talkhan
Animal Health Research Institute, Egypt
Flourage
M.
Rady
Animal Health Research Institute, Egypt
Eman
F.
Mohamed
Animal Health Research Institute, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31315
Milk is essential for the nourishment of children and adult life providing their daily food requirements. Aflatoxins are<br />mycotoxins have been produced by some species of Aspergillus. Ingested Aflatoxins B1 (AFB1) are metabolised into<br />carcinogenic Aflatoxins M1 (AFM1) which are eliminated through milk. Also, seller and producer add chemical<br />substances (adulterants) to milk to increase its shelf life. Adulteration is defined as removal or replacement of milk<br />components and an addition of substances without a consumer’s knowledge which is banned. The presence of mycotoxins<br />or chemical adulterants has serious health risk. The present study evaluated 60 samples of cow’s raw milk in El- Minufia<br />governorate for the presence of aflatoxins, ochratoxins and some chemical adulterants. Also, its chemical composition<br />(fat, S.N.F and protein). The result indicated that 16.7%, 8.33% of tested samples contained aflatoxins M1 and aflatoxins<br />M2 respectively. All the tested samples were free from ochratoxins. Also, 88.33% of collected milk samples contained<br />different chemical adulterants; inhibitory substances (70%), formalin (41.67%), water (37.5%), hydrogen peroxide (20%),<br />boric acid (16.70%), carbonate and bicarbonate (8.30%), nitrate (5%). Moreover, 50% and 54.17% of milk samples were<br />less than the legal requirement for fat and S.N.F respectively; then protein was decreased in 41.67% of samples. The<br />present study recommended to monitor the marketing of milk by instructions and rules, which include the standards of<br />the sold milk and to control the milk quality to be safe for the consumer
Milk,Aflatoxins,ochratoxins,chemical adulterants,Minufia
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31315.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31315_8e5d13125a9fe14295c916b11ce8517d.pdf
Benha University; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Benha Veterinary Medical Journal
1110-6581
2974-4806
31
2
2016
12
01
Studies on the hygienic status of animal carcasses and their contact surfaces in some butchery shops
289
296
EN
Wageh
Sobhy
Darwish
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
wagehdarwish@zu.edu.eg
Ahmed
Elsayed
Tharwat
Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Amira
Samir
Atia
Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
10.21608/bvmj.2016.31316
Cross-contamination of animal carcasses and their contact surfaces at any stage of meat handling is one major aspect in<br />production of meat of high keeping quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the hygienic status of the<br />animal carcasses (cattle, buffaloes, camel and sheep) and their contact surfaces (cutting boards, walls, knives, and butcher<br />hands) in butchery shops among urban and rural areas in Sharkia province, Egypt. Microbial indicators for the hygienic<br />measures adopted at butchery shops including total bacterial counts (TBC), total Enterobacteriacae counts (TEC), most<br />probable number (MPN) of coliforms, total Staphylococcus aureus counts (TSC), total mould counts (TMC) and total<br />yeast counts (TYC) were investigated. The results achieved in this study declared that cross-contamination of animal<br />carcasses and their contact surfaces is well-observed and should be considered as an important factor that should be<br />included in the microbiological risk assessments. Therefore, we recommend adoption of strict hygienic measures in all<br />handling steps of animal carcasses
Butchery shops,animal carcasses,hygienic measures
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31316.html
https://bvmj.journals.ekb.eg/article_31316_c5cc96801027ff3a416a226813cbde72.pdf